Nepřímá řeč v angličtině – Reported Speech
Nepřímá řeč (reported speech nebo indirect speech) slouží k převyprávění toho, co někdo řekl, aniž bychom používali jeho přesná slova. Když převádíte přímou řeč do nepřímé, musíte změnit časy, zájmena, časová slova a často i strukturu věty.
1. Co je nepřímá řeč?
1.1 Přímá řeč (Direct speech)
Citujeme přesná slova, používáme uvozovky:
Tom said: "I am tired." – Tom řekl: „Jsem unavený."
1.2 Nepřímá řeč (Reported speech)
Převyprávíme, co někdo řekl, bez uvozovek:
Tom said (that) he was tired. – Tom řekl, že je unavený.
Změny:
- Uvozovky zmizí
- "I" → "he"
- "am" → "was" (posun času o jeden stupeň zpět)
- Přidáme spojku "that" (nepovinné)
2. Základní pravidla – Posun časů (Backshifting)
Když řídící sloveso (said, told) je v minulém čase, časy v nepřímé řeči se posouvají o jeden stupeň zpět.
| Přímá řeč | Nepřímá řeč | Příklad |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | "I work" → He said he worked |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | "I'm working" → He said he was working |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | "I've worked" → He said he had worked |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect | "I worked" → He said he had worked |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Cont. | "I was working" → He said he had been working |
| Will | Would | "I'll work" → He said he would work |
| Can | Could | "I can work" → He said he could work |
| May | Might | "I may work" → He said he might work |
| Must | Had to | "I must work" → He said he had to work |
2.1 Příklady posunu časů
Present Simple → Past Simple:
"I live in Prague." She said (that) she lived in Prague.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous:
"I'm studying English." He said (that) he was studying English.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect:
"I've finished my homework." She said (that) she had finished her homework.
Past Simple → Past Perfect:
"I went to London." He said (that) he had gone to London.
Will → Would:
"I'll call you." She said (that) she would call me.
Can → Could:
"I can help you." He said (that) he could help me.
3. Kdy NEPOSOUVÁME časy?
3.1 Řídící sloveso v přítomném čase
Když říkáme "says", "has said" (ne "said"), časy ZŮSTÁVAJÍ:
"I am tired." Tom says (that) he is tired. (ne "was"!)
3.2 Věčné pravdy a fakta
"Water boils at 100°C." The teacher said (that) water boils at 100°C. (ne "boiled")
"Paris is the capital of France." She said (that) Paris is the capital of France.
3.3 Past Perfect, Would, Could, Should, Might
Tyto časy už nelze posunout dál, takže zůstávají:
"I had finished before you came." He said (that) he had finished before I came.
"I would go if I had time." She said (that) she would go if she had time.
4. SAY vs TELL
Rozdíl mezi těmito slovesy je ZÁSADNÍ!
| Sloveso | Struktura | Příklad |
|---|---|---|
| SAY | say (that)... | He said (that) he was tired. |
| SAY TO | say to somebody (that)... | He said to me (that) he was tired. |
| TELL | tell somebody (that)... | He told me (that) he was tired. |
Pravidla:
- SAY – BEZ předmětu nebo s "to somebody"
- TELL – VŽDY s předmětem (tell me, tell him, tell us)
Příklady:
✅ He said (that) he was tired. ✅ He said to me (that) he was tired. ✅ He told me (that) he was tired. ❌ He said me (that) he was tired. (NIKDY!) ❌ He told (that) he was tired. (chybí předmět!)
5. Změny zájmen a přivlastňovacích výrazů
Zájmena se mění podle kontextu:
| Přímá řeč | Nepřímá řeč |
|---|---|
| I | he/she |
| we | they |
| you | I/we (záleží na kontextu) |
| my | his/her |
| our | their |
| your | my/our |
Příklady:
"I love my job." She said (that) she loved her job.
"We will help you." They said (that) they would help me/us.
"Your car is nice." He said (that) my car was nice.
6. Změny časových výrazů
| Přímá řeč | Nepřímá řeč |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| next week | the following week |
| ago | before |
| now | then / at that moment |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
Příklady:
"I'll see you tomorrow." He said (that) he would see me the next day.
"I saw her yesterday." She said (that) she had seen her the day before.
"I'm busy now." He said (that) he was busy then.
"I bought this car 2 years ago." She said (that) she had bought that car 2 years before.
7. Nepřímé otázky (Reported questions)
Otázky v nepřímé řeči NEJSOU otázky – jsou to oznamovací věty!
7.1 Yes/No otázky – IF nebo WHETHER
Použijeme "asked if" nebo "asked whether":
"Are you tired?" She asked (me) if/whether I was tired.
"Do you like pizza?" He asked (me) if/whether I liked pizza.
"Can you help me?" She asked (me) if/whether I could help her.
Změny:
- Otazník zmizí
- Slovosled jako v oznamovací větě (ne otázce!)
- Přidáme "if" nebo "whether"
7.2 WH- otázky – s tázacím slovem
Zachováme tázací slovo (who, what, where, when, why, how):
"Where do you live?" She asked (me) where I lived.
"What are you doing?" He asked (me) what I was doing.
"When will you come?" She asked (me) when I would come.
"Why did you leave?" He asked (me) why I had left.
Slovosled: tázací slovo + podmět + sloveso (ne otázka!)
❌ She asked me where did I live. ✅ She asked me where I lived.
8. Rozkazy a žádosti (Reported commands & requests)
Pro rozkazy a žádosti používáme TO + infinitiv.
8.1 Příkazy (Commands)
| Sloveso | Struktura | Příklad |
|---|---|---|
| tell | tell somebody to do something | He told me to leave. |
| order | order somebody to do something | She ordered him to stop. |
| command | command somebody to do something | They commanded us to wait. |
Příklady:
"Leave now!" He told me to leave.
"Be quiet!" The teacher told us to be quiet.
"Don't move!" He told me not to move.
8.2 Žádosti (Requests)
| Sloveso | Struktura | Příklad |
|---|---|---|
| ask | ask somebody to do something | She asked me to help. |
| beg | beg somebody to do something | He begged me to stay. |
| advise | advise somebody to do something | She advised me to go. |
Příklady:
"Please help me." She asked me to help her.
"Could you open the window?" He asked me to open the window.
"Please don't tell anyone." She asked me not to tell anyone.
8.3 Návrhy a nabídky
| Příklad přímé řeči | Nepřímá řeč |
|---|---|
| "Let's go to the cinema." | He suggested going to the cinema. |
| "Shall we eat out?" | She suggested eating out. |
| "Would you like some coffee?" | He offered me some coffee. |
| "I'll help you." | She offered to help me. |
9. Další užitečná slovesa
| Sloveso | Význam | Struktura | Příklad |
|---|---|---|---|
| warn | varovat | warn sb (not) to do | He warned me not to go. |
| remind | připomenout | remind sb to do | She reminded me to call. |
| promise | slíbit | promise (sb) to do | He promised to help. |
| refuse | odmítnout | refuse to do | She refused to answer. |
| agree | souhlasit | agree to do | He agreed to come. |
| threaten | vyhrožovat | threaten to do | She threatened to leave. |
| invite | pozvat | invite sb to do | He invited me to stay. |
| encourage | povzbudit | encourage sb to do | She encouraged me to try. |
Příklady:
"Don't touch that!" He warned me not to touch that.
"Don't forget to call me." She reminded me to call her.
"I'll definitely come." He promised to come.
"I won't do it." She refused to do it.
10. Typické chyby Čechů
10.1 "Say me" místo "tell me"
❌ He said me that he was tired. ✅ He told me that he was tired. ✅ He said to me that he was tired.
Pravidlo: NIKDY "say me"! Používejte "tell me" nebo "say to me".
10.2 Otázková struktura v nepřímých otázkách
❌ She asked me where did I live. ✅ She asked me where I lived.
❌ He asked if was I ready. ✅ He asked if I was ready.
10.3 Zapomenutí posunu časů
❌ He said that he is tired. (když bylo "said") ✅ He said that he was tired.
10.4 Špatná změna časových výrazů
❌ She said she would come tomorrow. ✅ She said she would come the next day.
10.5 Chybějící "to" u rozkazů
❌ He told me leave. ✅ He told me to leave.
11. Praktické příklady podle situací
11.1 V práci
Boss: "Finish the report by Friday." My boss told me to finish the report by Friday.
Colleague: "Can you help me with this?" My colleague asked me to help him with that.
11.2 Doma
Mom: "Don't forget to buy milk." My mom reminded me to buy milk.
Dad: "I'll pick you up at 6." My dad promised to pick me up at 6.
11.3 Se známými
Friend: "Let's meet tomorrow." My friend suggested meeting the next day.
Friend: "I saw a great movie yesterday." My friend said (that) she had seen a great movie the day before.
12. Shrnutí
Klíčová pravidla nepřímé řeči:
- Posun časů – o jeden stupeň zpět (když řídící sloveso je minulé)
- Změna zájmen – podle kontextu (I → he/she, you → I/we atd.)
- Změna časových výrazů – today → that day, tomorrow → the next day
- SAY vs TELL – say (that) / say to sb / tell sb (that)
- Nepřímé otázky – asked if/whether (yes/no), asked + wh-word (ostatní)
- Rozkazy – told/asked somebody TO do something
Pro úspěch: Procvičujte převod vět z přímé do nepřímé řeči pravidelně. Nejdřív to bude vyžadovat přemýšlení, ale časem se to stane automatické!