Zápor v angličtině
Tvorba záporu v angličtině má jasná pravidla. Naučte se, jak tvořit záporné věty ve všech časech.
Základní pravidlo
Pomocné sloveso + NOT
I am not hungry. – Nemám hlad. She does not like pizza. – Nemá ráda pizzu. They did not come. – Nepřišli.
Zápor se slovesem BE
Vzorec: BE + NOT
| Plná forma | Zkrácená forma |
|---|---|
| I am not | I**'m not** |
| you are not | you**'re not** / you aren't |
| he/she/it is not | he**'s not** / he isn't |
| we are not | we**'re not** / we aren't |
| they are not | they**'re not** / they aren't |
Příklady:
I*'m not** tired.* She isn't a teacher. They weren't at home.
Zápor v Present/Past Simple
Vzorec: DO/DOES/DID + NOT + infinitiv
Present Simple
| Plná forma | Zkrácená forma |
|---|---|
| I/you/we/they do not | don't |
| he/she/it does not | doesn't |
Příklady:
I don't like coffee. – Nemám rád kávu. She doesn't work here. – Nepracuje tady. He doesn't speak English. – Neumí anglicky.
Past Simple
did not = didn't (pro všechny osoby)
I didn't go. – Nešel jsem. She didn't call. – Nevolala. They didn't know. – Nevěděli.
Pozor: Po DID následuje infinitiv bez -ed/-s! ❌ He didn't went. ✅ He didn't go.
Zápor v ostatních časech
Present Continuous
am/is/are + NOT + -ing
I*'m not working**.* – Nepracuju. She isn't coming. – Nepřijde.
Present Perfect
have/has + NOT + minulé příčestí
I haven't finished. – Neskončil jsem. She hasn't been there. – Nebyla tam.
Future (will)
will + NOT = won't
I won't go. – Nepůjdu. She won't come. – Nepřijde.
Going to
am/is/are + NOT + going to
I*'m not going to** go.* – Nepůjdu. She isn't going to call. – Nezavolá.
Zápor s modálními slovesy
Modální sloveso + NOT
| Plná forma | Zkrácená forma |
|---|---|
| can not | can't |
| could not | couldn't |
| will not | won't |
| would not | wouldn't |
| should not | shouldn't |
| must not | mustn't |
Příklady:
I can't swim. – Neumím plavat. You mustn't smoke here. – Nesmíš tady kouřit. She shouldn't do that. – Neměla by to dělat.
Záporná slova
| Kladné | Záporné |
|---|---|
| someone/somebody | no one/nobody |
| something | nothing |
| somewhere | nowhere |
| ever | never |
| already | not yet |
| still | not anymore / no longer |
| too/also | either |
Příklady:
I saw nobody. / I didn't see anybody. – Nikoho jsem neviděl. I know nothing. / I don't know anything. – Nic nevím. I've never been there. – Nikdy jsem tam nebyl.
Dvojitý zápor
V angličtině NELZE použít dvojitý zápor! (na rozdíl od češtiny)
Čeština: Nikdo nic neviděl. (dvojitý zápor OK)
Angličtina - dvě možnosti:
-
Záporné sloveso + kladné zájmeno:
I didn't see anything. – Nic jsem neviděl. She doesn't know anyone. – Nikoho nezná.
-
Kladné sloveso + záporné zájmeno:
I saw nothing. – Nic jsem neviděl. She knows no one. – Nikoho nezná.
Pozor - chyba: ❌ I didn't see nothing. (dvojitý zápor!) ✅ I didn't see anything. nebo I saw nothing.
NOT + celá věta
Vzorec: I don't think + kladná věta
Čeština: Myslím, že nepřijde.
Angličtina: ✅ I don't think he'll come. (SPRÁVNĚ – zápor u think) ❌ I think he won't come. (možné, ale méně běžné)
Typické chyby Čechů
❌ Špatně: I no like pizza. ✅ Správně: I don't like pizza.
❌ Špatně: She doesn't likes it. ✅ Správně: She doesn't like it. (po DOESN'T = infinitiv!)
❌ Špatně: He didn't went. ✅ Správně: He didn't go. (po DIDN'T = infinitiv!)
❌ Špatně: I didn't nothing. ✅ Správně: I didn't do anything. nebo I did nothing.
❌ Špatně: I don't can swim. ✅ Správně: I can't swim. (can už je pomocné sloveso!)
❌ Špatně: I amn't tired. ✅ Správně: I*'m not** tired.* ("amn't" neexistuje!)
Shrnutí v tabulce
| Čas | Zápor | Příklad |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | don't/doesn't + inf. | I don't like it. |
| Past Simple | didn't + inf. | I didn't go. |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are not + -ing | I'm not working. |
| Present Perfect | haven't/hasn't + 3rd | I haven't finished. |
| Future | won't + inf. | I won't go. |
| Modální | can't/mustn't + inf. | I can't swim. |
Tip: Zapamatujte si: ONE zápor per věta! Buď záporné sloveso, NEBO záporné zájmeno (nobody, nothing, never), ale ne obojí!